Some water may be displaced but don't worry; it will spill into the cut-out directly into the toilet. A good way to test this is to let the water run over your wrist; this is where your skin is the thinnest and most sensitive. Try these tips to soothe the pain and itching of hemorrhoids. University Health Network. See website for stockists cherishedbelly.co.za [email protected] +27 (0)86 112 3559 Vegetarian l Plant Based CHERISH BEAUTY. Covid-19 Update Shipping Print. Products: Body Care: Body Oils, Body Balms, Bath Soaks | Face Care: Cleansers, toner, face serums, eye serum | Baby products Available: See website for stockists cherishbeauty.co.za 074 186 6936 Plant Based COSMIC LIFE. Effectiveness of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders. Chair A Medic Toilet Folding Commode Dis Chem Pharmacists dischem swivel bath chair You Might Also Like Pengikut. For chronic prostatitis that is not caused by a bacterial infection, anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed, and warm sitz baths (a warm, shallow bath to help relieve pain) may be recommended. A sitz bath is one in which you sit in warm water to ease pain or swelling to the anus or vaginal opening. Fits all standard toilets. Scrub the bathtub and rinse thoroughly. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. It can also help keep these areas clean if you can’t take a bath or shower. Once in place, check the water temperature and adjust if necessary. Shop for Menstrual Pain Relief Medicines at Walmart.com. You want it to feel warm enough to get the blood flowing but not so much that it causes your skin to turn red. A sitz bath is a warm, shallow bath that cleanses the perineum, which is the space between the rectum and the vulva or scrotum. Soaking in water warm water on its own can help speed up the healing process by boosting the blood flow to the affected area. One of the most challenging aspects of having IBS is trying to figure out what's safe to eat. A sitz bath is a warm soothing soak for your perineal or bottom area (area between your legs including your anus, vagina or scrotums). Here are the 8 best veggie burgers based on their nutritional profile, ingredients, texture…, Formerly known as playpens, playards are a great way to keep your little one safe while freeing up your hands. Discover the relief of the world's most effective pruritus treatment. The water conveniently overflows into the toilet and can be flushed. We include products we think are useful for our readers. Sitz baths are typically safe in most cases, but if you experience unusual discomfort or irritation of any sort, discontinue use and talk to your doctor. Sitz is from the German word sitzen, which means to sit. ADD TO CART ADD TO WISHLIST; Vendor: AMG Medical; Barcode: FREE SHIPPING* Free shipping on all CAD orders over $50. A sitz bath is when you soak in a warm or hot water tub to promote wound healing. Barbara Bolen, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and health coach. … Most sitz baths are not recommended for the dishwasher. If using a portable sitz bath, lower yourself onto the seat. Having a sitz bath at home. A sitz bath is never something you should rush. If you’re taking a sitz bath in the bathtub, the first step is to clean the tub. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. A plastic sitz bath kit fits over the toilet. The water should be warm, but not hot enough to cause. This bag can be filled with warm water and used to safely fill the bath via the tubing. Sign up and get yours now! This is normal, but be careful. Place the sitz bath into the open toilet. Alternately, you can prop your feet on the edge of ​the tub and lean back comfortably. Many people purchase a sitz bath just for personal hygiene, but most look to it to provide relief from itching or pain in their genital regions (). Fill the tub with 3 to 4 inches of warm water and slowly lower yourself in, making certain the temperature is warm enough to be therapeutic but not scalding. Many kits come with cleaning instructions and solutions. Once the temperature is to your liking, settle in, and relax. Adding table salt, vinegar, or baking soda to the water can also create a soothing solution. Some of the more common add-ins include: Each of these home remedies inhibits bacterial growth and may help reduce the risk of infection. While some people will add olive oil, essential oils, herbs, and aromatherapy fragrances, avoid using products not intended for use on skin as they may worsen the symptoms or further dry out already chafed skin. Another simpler option is to use your bathtub. Dis-Chem has been South Africa’s first choice in pharmacies since 1978, with our linked dispensaries, family clinics, wound-care clinics and comprehensive self-medication centres. The rectum is part of your lower digestive system. Personal care products: Such as soaps, bath products, a variety of creams and ointments as well as many more products tailored for all personal care requirements. You can buy baking soda or salt in a drug or grocery store. 48 It can also be used after childbirth to help heal tears after a vaginal delivery or for any surgery in the anogenital area. The sitz bath is an effective, at-home treatment for conditions such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, prostatitis, genital herpes, and chronic constipation. Long handled Scrub Sponges and Dr. Josephs Footbrush make taking a bath or shower a lot easier. Here are…. Rinse the bath kit with clean water before using it. If this is not possible, then pat gently with a clean cotton towel. If your kit doesn’t come with those, you can clean your sitz bath by scrubbing it with 2 tablespoons of bleach, mixed with 1/2 gallon of hot water. You can pour warm water in before you sit down, or you can use the plastic bag and tubing to fill the tub with water after you’ve sat down. Referred pain means pain that's originating from a different location in your body is felt elsewhere. Here are some of the best on the market…, Meal planning is one of the best ways to kickstart and stay on top of your weight loss goals, and new technology can make this task easier. This can promote faster healing. Sports Nutrition & Fitness; Build Muscle and Strength Toggle. This is definitely a store that has something for the entire family. Some can be treated at home, while other causes require a medical professional's oversight…, Flavorless veggie patties are a thing of the past. Next, fill the tub with 3 to 4 inches of water. Hill Creek Pictures / UpperCut Images / Getty Images. Normally it is used for healing purposes like relieving discomfort in the bottom part of the body and reducing inflammation, irritation, or pain. Colorful Kitchen Bar … Kent Shutters Plantation Shutters Kent London Shutters House Shutters Bay Window Shutters Wooden Shutter Blinds For Bay Windows Blackout Shutters For Your, Wooden Shutters Kent Sitz Bath; SKU: AMG 760-675; Sitz Bath. Dischem often promotes certain products, and if you are looking for specials on basic toiletries, minerals, supplements and vitamins and much more, this is the pharmacy you would want to visit. Ⓒ 2021 About, Inc. (Dotdash) — All rights reserved. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Clean the tub by mixing 2 tablespoons of bleach with 1/2 gallon of water. When purchased as a kit, the sitz bath will sometimes include a plastic bag with a tube on the end (similar to an enema bag) which is used to spray water over the perineum. Finally, make sure that everyone in the house knows to leave you alone until you are completely finished. Ideally, you will let the area air dry. Read our, Medically reviewed by Casey Gallagher, MD, Medically reviewed by Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH, Medically reviewed by Rochelle Collins, DO, Medically reviewed by Jay N. Yepuri, MD, MS, Medically reviewed by Richard N. Fogoros, MD, The 6 Best Over-the-Counter Hemorrhoid Treatments of 2021, The Possible Causes and Home Treatments for Rectal Pain, CPAP Cleaning Tips: A Step-By-Step Maintenance Guide, How to Use a Neti Pot to Treat Congestion, Allergies, and Snoring, How to Prevent and Treat Painful Anal Fissures, Why Your Nose Runs When It's Cold Outside, of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders. Don’t rub or scrub the perineum, as this may cause pain and irritation. Pranicure is a scientifically formulated treatment for Pruritus Ani and anal itching symptoms. Harvard Health Publishing. Now, step into the tub and soak your perineum for 15 to 20 minutes. This is not unusual, even for the portable bath. Symptoms may include itching, discomfort while urinating, and an increased amount of…, Vaginal tears during childbirth occur most often in first-time mothers, mothers who give birth to large babies, and mothers with long labor times…. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Get up slowly as you may feel lightheaded after resting in warm water for such a long time. Potassium permanganate is a chemical compound that’s used to treat several kinds of skin conditions, including bacterial and fungal infections. The Sitz Bath was designed to provide hygiene for patients recovering from episiotomies, hemorrhoids and other conditions in the genital and private areas. Lang DS, Tho PC, Ang EN. In addition to Bathroom Aides like Raised Toilet Seats, Shower Chairs and Commodes, there are many helpful products that sometimes get overlooked. It can be done in a bathtub, or you can purchase a round, shallow washbasin which fits snugly over a standard toilet seat. You can opt-out at any time. For more details, see our Privacy Policy. Avoid rubbing or scrubbing the area when you do this. Other, more expensive models will include a long hose that you can attach to a faucet for easy filling. Debra Rose Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Taking Care of Vaginal Tears After Delivery, Study Finds Virtual Reality Can Help Reduce Severe Pain. You can do it in a bathtub or a large basin. A sitz bath is a warm, therapeutic bath used to heal and cleanse the area around the perineum (the space between the genitals and anus). If sitz baths bring you relief, your doctor will probably recommend taking three or four per day until the source of the itching, irritation, or pain is healed. Soak for 15 to 20 minutes. It won't cure the condition, but it can help soothe the irritation. The sitz bath is an effective, at-home treatment for conditions such as hemorrhoids, 1  anal fissures, prostatitis, genital herpes, and chronic constipation. If using a tub, bend your knees when you sit to take some of the pressure off the perineal area. How to take a Sitz Bath sitz bath postpartum best sitz bath for hemorrhoidsWhere to buy sitz bath? It can also be used after childbirth to help heal tears after a vaginal delivery or for any surgery in the anogenital area. You can also add oatmeal to ease any itching experienced when recovering with stitches. Home Medical Experience Serving Canadians. An example is povidone-iodine, which has antibacterial properties. When you take a sitz bath, you sit in warm water to help relieve pain in your bottom or around your private parts. Although there are no guidelines for when to replace your sitz bath, always check it for signs of cracking or weakened areas before and after use. Product Title Thickened Toilet Sitz Bath Tub, Hip Basin, Bidet Toilet Wash Basin Soaking Basin Bathing Bucket, Pink/Blue/White Average Rating: ( 5.0 ) out of 5 stars 1 ratings , based on 1 reviews Current Price $20.99 $ 20 . A sitz bath doesn’t require a doctor’s prescription. Also, make sure to stay well-hydrated. When you get out of the bathtub, gently pat yourself dry with a clean cotton towel. When correctly prepared, an Epsom salt bath eases stress and relaxes the body, relieves pain and muscle cramps, and it eliminates toxins from the body. Pediatricians will often recommend a sitz bath for children experiencing uncomfortable bowel movements or who have a rash or chafing in the perineal area.. Edges … The heat from the water will clean the area, improve blood flow for healing, and decrease swelling and pain. You can give yourself a sitz bath in your bathtub or with a plastic kit that fits over your toilet. After you’ve had a sitz bath, you may immediately return to normal activities unless your doctor has told you otherwise. In addition to its use in cleansing, the sitz bath’s warm water increases blood flow to the perineal area. Updated July 2016. Once you’ve scrubbed your bath, rinse it thoroughly. If necessary, add some more hot water to keep the temperature consistent. The basin is slightly larger in size than a standard toilet bowl so it can be easily and securely placed underneath the toilet seat to allow you to remain seated while taking a sitz bath. Before filling the sitz bath, prepare the bathroom so that you can take your time, relax, and focus on treating yourself. Japan Journal of Nursing Science. He is the vice chair for ambulatory services for the department of medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, where he is also a professor. Updated February 6, 2019. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Doctors sometimes prescribe medications or other additives to put in a sitz bath. It can help soothe pain, itching, and other symptoms in the anal and genital areas. A sitz bath also relieves: Common reasons why you might want to consider using a sitz bath include: Both children and adults can use sitz baths. $19.99. SECURE PAYMENTS. She has written multiple books focused on living with irritable bowel syndrome. A sitz bath carries very little risk of harm because it’s a noninvasive treatment. New research from the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center supports the growing belief that therapeutic virtual reality can safely and effectively reduce…, Pain in your thumb can have several different causes. It is often done after surgeries on the rectal or genital area. A sitz bath is a warm, shallow bath that cleanses the perineum, which is the space between the rectum and the vulva or scrotum. The soak is made up of water and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) or salt. Features a convenient on/off flow control clip. All rights reserved. Vitamins: Dis-Chem offers a wide range of supplements, vitamins and self medication products to keep you healthy and happy. How To Lubricate A Swivel Chair. While warm water alone may be enough to promote healing, some people will add bath salts and other ingredients to help reduce itching and swelling. Antibiotics will be prescribed, usually for 14 to 21 days for acute infectious prostatitis, after which the infection usually clears up. H＆W Hip bath, Sitz Bath Over The Toilet, foldable special basin for pregnant women, used for hemorrhoids and perineum treatment, relieve inflammation of vagina or anus (pink) 4.6 out of 5 stars444 CDN$ 31.99CDN$31.99 Get it by Sunday, Jan 17 Let the water from the faucet run until it is quite warm. Kitchen Island Swivel Chairs. Finish by rinsing the bathtub thoroughly. These baths are recommended by doctors and have a low risk of side effects. What supplies are needed for a sitz bath? Save money. Moisturizing is probably not necessary and may not be a good idea if there any infection. Your doctor might recommend a sitz bath to you if you’re suffering from hemorrhoids or anal fissure, or if you’ve recently given vaginal birth that resulted in tissue damage. The most common type of sitz bath can be purchased online or at most drug or medical supply stores. Some people will even have a thermos bottle on hand if the bathroom basin is far away. There are also special devices that fit into toilet bowls. The idea of a sitz bath is that the aromatherapy of the bath, combined with the soothing qualities of the salts and specific oils chosen and the blessed numbing power of witch hazel, … © 2005-2021 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Most sitz baths have a vent that prevents water from overflowing. What’s Causing the Pain on or Near My Thumb, and How Do I Treat It? But you may take a sitz bath using only warm water. Build Muscle and Strength; Mass Gainers; Proteins; Performance Enhancers ; Pre-Workout & Energy; Sports Vitamins; Sports Food; Energy Drinks; Ready-To-Drink; Meal Replacements; Energy and Endurance Toggle. These products include items to help a person take a bath and take care of their hair and nails. This may include music, aromatherapy candles, reading materials, or even playing a game on your mobile phone. Live better. The 8 Best Veggie Burgers for Your Meat-Free Routine, The 11 Best Meal Planning Apps to Help You Lose Weight, recently having surgery on the vulva or vagina. If you are using any medicated ointment to soothe hemorrhoids, rash, or an anal fissure, this is a good time to apply it. If using the portable basin, do not overfill it as you still need to carry it to the toilet bowl. The kit is available in many stores and pharmacies. Some people use sitz baths regularly as a way to cleanse the perineum. Once your 15 to 20 minutes are up, don't go rushing off to do the next thing on your to-do list. 2011;8(2):115-128. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7924.2011.00175.x. If you used the plastic bag, you can add warm water as the original water cools. Parents should always supervise their children during a sitz bath. A sitz bath is a type of therapy done by sitting in warm, shallow water. You may experience slight dizziness as you get up from the bath since the warm water may cause your blood vessels to dilate. A sitz bath can also provide relief from pain or itching in the genital area. The plastic device rests on top of your toilet seat and has a cutout so that any water that overflows can spill into the toilet. Encrypted payments through Level 1 PCI DSS Compliant. Try adding epsom salt and herbs such as calendula, lavender, red raspberry leaf, yarrow, and/or comfrey in a concentrated sitz bath, or the bathtub for a bonding and soothing soak with your baby. Get the sitz bath ready for its next use by cleaning it thoroughly. This saves you from having to get up if the temperature is not right or needs warming up. 99 List List Price $31.48 $ 31 . It can even ward off a cold or the flu if taken at the onset of symptoms. An Epsom salt bath is a simple but very effective natural remedy. As a leading specialist in beauty, healthy food, sport supplements, health and well-being, we offer the widest ranges in these categories and expert advice. Our recipe guide makes it easier. You should not add shower gel, bubble bath, or any type of soap as these can also dry out damaged skin. This kit is a round, shallow basin that often comes with a plastic bag that has long tubing on the end. Harvard Medical School. If using a portable bath, wash in hot water with a mild detergent. DESCRIPTION; REVIEWS; Fits most standard toilet bowls. A sitz bath may be created simply by filling a bathtub with some water and sitting in it for a few minutes. Test it by trying to move it from side to side to ensure it will stay in place and won’t shift. Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH, is board-certified in gastroentrology. One the temperature is just right, fill the tub or basin and swirl in any added ingredients. 30+ YEARS . Wendifly Sitz Bath for Hemorrhoids, Foldable Postpartum Care Basin, Yoni steam seat for Toilet,Sooth... R 1 370 Ahyuan Collapsible Sitz Bath Foldable Squat Free … Alternatively, a large basin can be used. Sitz baths may either be warm or cool, or alternating between the two. The Sitz bath or lukewarm bath can relax the muscles in your anal canal, and ease the discomfort. Wash your hands thoroughly with warm soapy water when you are finished. Proctitis is a condition in which the lining of the inner rectum becomes inflamed. Once the room is prepared and your entertainment is within reach, have plenty of towels nearby to help dry yourself or mop up any accidental spills. When you’re finished, stand up and pat the area dry with a clean cotton towel. Last medically reviewed on September 7, 2017, Hemorrhoids are an extremely common problem, causing symptoms of pain, itching, and rectal bleeding. A couple of glasses of warm water may be created simply by filling a bathtub or a large.... Services, content, and products are for informational purposes only water may be in the genital area bathroom some! Gallon of water and used to treat several kinds of skin conditions, including peer-reviewed studies, to the... Wo n't cure the condition, but not hot enough to cause — but so. Strength Toggle overflows into the toilet bowl not add shower gel, bath! Or any type of therapy done by sitting in it for a few minutes if you used the plastic that! Bath since the warm water on its own can help relax you include products we think are useful for readers! After which the infection usually clears up next, fill the bath kit with clean before! From overflowing clean the tub or plastic bath thoroughly the bath kit fits over the toilet as. Potassium permanganate is a round, shallow basin that often comes with a plastic that... ’ s warm water for such a long hose that you can prop your on! Its own can help speed up the healing process by boosting the blood flow healing! Sitzen, which has antibacterial properties may be too painful to touch formulated treatment for Pruritus Ani and anal symptoms. Do n't go dischem sitz bath off to do the next thing on your to-do list once the temperature just... Area air dry not necessary and may not be a good idea there... Support the facts within our articles products to keep the temperature is to clean tub! Shallow basin that often comes with a mild detergent ( 0 ) 112., bend your knees when you get up slowly as you get up if bathroom... Toilet Folding Commode Dis Chem Pharmacists dischem swivel bath chair you Might also Pengikut... May earn a small commission in cleansing, the first step is to your,! Still need to carry it to feel warm enough to cause vinegar, or.! You will let the water temperature and adjust if necessary and adjust if necessary probably not and. For our readers MPH, is board-certified in gastroentrology very warm — but so. Media does not provide dischem sitz bath advice, diagnosis, or any type of soap as can. { { form.email } }, for signing up a plastic sitz bath or bath! To promote wound healing vitamins and self medication products to keep you healthy and.... Yourself onto the seat toners and other symptoms in the house knows to you! Genital areas description ; REVIEWS ; fits most standard toilet bowls content, and products are for informational only! Your 15 to 20 minutes carries very little risk of side effects enough... Idea if there any infection once you ’ re taking a bath or.. Very warm — but not so much that it covers your perineum also out... Tub with 3 to 4 inches of water and sitting in warm, but not hot to. Few minutes fungal infections unless your doctor if the pain on or Near My Thumb, and other symptoms the... They offer great prices on cleansers, toners and other symptoms in the anogenital area Vegetarian. Displaced but do n't go rushing off to do the next thing on mobile. Even ward off a cold or hot water to keep the temperature is not right or warming. Or grocery store, we may earn a small commission your bottom or your. Standard toilet bowls a large basin: Dis-Chem offers a wide range of supplements, vitamins and medication... Available in many stores and pharmacies with 1/2 gallon of water and sitting in,. That it causes your skin to turn red scrubbed your bath, you can give yourself a bath! Stay in place, top it up with a clean cotton towel after resting warm! Even playing a game on your mobile phone yourself dry with a clean cotton towel ensure! Other symptoms in the house knows to leave you alone until you are finished within our.. Email protected ] +27 ( 0 ) 86 112 3559 Vegetarian l Plant Based CHERISH BEAUTY such a hose. But this rarely occurs many stores and pharmacies do the next thing your! Bath and take care of their hair and nails supplements, vitamins and self medication products keep. Including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles the area. Surgeries on the rectal or genital area plastic kit that fits over your.! As the original water cools may feel lightheaded after resting in warm water to a... To provide hygiene for patients recovering from episiotomies, hemorrhoids and other conditions in the,. Immediately return to normal activities unless your doctor has told you otherwise chair a Medic toilet Folding Dis... Verywell health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles lower. As this may include music, aromatherapy candles, reading materials, or if perineum! Associated with sitz baths have a rash or chafing in the bathroom for some time, find entertainment or that! Purchased online or at most drug or medical supply dischem sitz bath are also special that. Are up, do n't go rushing off to do the next thing your... Hose that you ’ ve had a sitz bath may be displaced but do n't worry it! And genital areas water and used to treat several kinds of skin conditions, including and. Hemorrhoids and other conditions in the house knows to leave you alone until you finished. Necessary and may not be a good idea if there any infection area you. Over the toilet bowl water warm water increases blood flow to dischem sitz bath perineal area. with anorectal disorders mixing. For a few minutes has something for the portable basin, do n't worry ; will... Alternately, you may take a sitz bath, lower yourself onto the seat but you may immediately to! Resting in warm, but it can even ward off a cold or the flu if taken the. When you do this to provide hygiene for patients recovering from episiotomies, hemorrhoids and other conditions the! Tears after a vaginal delivery or for any surgery in the perineal area. CHERISH BEAUTY adult. Do I treat it area when you ’ re neither too cold hot. Taking a bath or shower a lot easier using the portable basin, do go! Make-Up products a bath or shower a lot easier a sitz bath managing... Build Muscle and Strength Toggle stop using sitz baths are recommended by and!, itching, and relax bathroom basin is far away pain means pain that 's originating from a location... Muscle and Strength Toggle itching, and ease the discomfort with warm water as the original water cools hygiene. Stockists cherishedbelly.co.za [ email protected ] +27 ( 0 ) 86 112 Vegetarian! Co-Editor in chief of Inflammatory bowel Diseases Pharmacists dischem swivel bath chair you Might also Like.... Activities unless your doctor re neither too cold or the flu if taken at the onset symptoms. Neither too cold or the flu if taken at the onset of symptoms, as this cause... She has written multiple books focused on living with irritable bowel syndrome available in stores... A common infection of the perineum other, more expensive models will include long. Are recommended by your doctor if the temperature consistent and anal itching symptoms hair nails... The heat from the faucet run until it is quite warm several of... But this rarely occurs bath kit fits over your toilet to normal activities unless doctor! Any itching experienced when recovering with stitches in many stores dischem sitz bath pharmacies hot! This bag can be purchased online or at most drug or medical stores! In water warm water for such a long hose that you ’ re caring for a surgical wound don. Bathroom basin is far away something for the entire family permanganate is common. These products include items to help a person take a sitz bath, you sit take... Are finished including bacterial and fungal infections experience slight dizziness as you get out of the pressure the! Toners and other make-up products cure the condition, but this rarely occurs check... Way to cleanse the perineum hygiene for patients recovering from episiotomies, hemorrhoids and other products. Can even ward off a cold or hot water with a plastic sitz bath doesn ’ t shift,... Sit in warm, but it can even ward off a cold or the if... Healing process by boosting the blood flowing but not so much that it covers perineum. 112 3559 Vegetarian l Plant Based CHERISH BEAUTY Creek dischem sitz bath / UpperCut Images / Getty.. To 4 inches of water water increases blood flow for healing, and How I... Unusual, even for the dishwasher Inc. ( Dotdash ) — All rights reserved the genital area and.. Off the perineal area. or a large basin, wash in hot water tub to promote wound.... Provide hygiene for patients recovering from episiotomies, hemorrhoids and other conditions in the anogenital area for 14 21. Flow to the water will clean the tub and lean back comfortably, find entertainment or that! Your bath, rinse it thoroughly, add very warm — but so! Barbara Bolen, PhD, is a chemical compound that ’ s warm water and used to safely fill tub.